The colorants
in the consumer products such as textiles, food & beverages, and plastic
products are of high importance, as they reflect upon the freshness,
attractiveness, and taste of finished products. Synthetic inorganic ingredients
are observed to have toxic effect on consumer’s health, and to avoid this,
natural colorants are more extensively utilized in various end-use industries.
This has offered ample scope of growth to the natural colorants despite the
fact that they are less stable in presence of heat and light, expensive to
produce, and low consistency in color range.
Approach for fermentative production
techniques has been adopted for few colorants. Extensive strain, metabolic
control, and process development has been required for dyestuff biosynthesis in
order to launch a cost-effective production process. Furthermore, color
synthesis through biotransformation of adequate precursors can be used. In
these types of processes, algae represent a potential set of microorganisms
that participate in the production of various colorants, and downstream
technologies and dedicated fermentation have been developed.
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Major manufacturers of dyes & pigments for
inks, paints, textiles, and plastics have adopted a standard called Colour
Index International (CII) for pigment identification. The jointly published
index in collaboration with the American Association of Textile Chemists and
Colorists (U.S.). The Society of Dyers and Colourists (UK) is internationally
recognized as the authoritative reference for various colors and dyes &
pigments. It includes nearly 13,000 generic color index names and under which
almost 27,000 products.
Dyes & pigments must have some attributes
that determine their suitability for specific production processes and
applications, which include sensitivity for damage from ultra violet light and
lightfastness, heat stability, tinting strength, toxicity, dispersion, opacity
or transparency, reactions & interactions, and resistance to alkalis and
acids.
Various regulatory bodies have been
established around the world for testing the product safety such as in the
U.S., FD&C numbers (used for foods, drugs and cosmetics colorants) are
allotted to synthetic food dyes as an approval, while in Europe, E numbers are assigned
to all additives, both natural and synthetic, which is approved by European
Food Safety Authority Directive 94/36/EC, enacted by the European Commission in
1994.
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Food colorants are most widely used additives with both beneficial and
adverse effects. While the European Union has applied regulations on labeling
of food products, to inform consumers about the health risks associated with
toxic color additives. The most commonly used dyes in food and cosmetic
products have bad effects such as Blue 1 or referred as Brilliant Blue can
cause kidney tumors, which is used in desert powders, baked goods, beverages,
drugs, cereal, and candies. Similarly, usage of Citrus Red 2 is noxious to
rodents at moderate levels and caused tumors in the urinary system.
Colorant manufacturing companies have introduced advanced technologies in
the fields of ink-jet printing and textile dyes, boosting cotton fiber fixing
rates and sinking the chemicals consumption rate. Moreover, microorganisms
break down the waste, thus improve treatment efficiency owing to the low proton
acid and residual color in the waste water.
Commercial thermochromic and photochromic colorants that vary reversibly
from colorless state to colored when triggered by pH, temperature and
ultraviolet irradiation are class of colorants used for manufacturing of niche
products such as food packaging, medical thermography, photochromic lenses,
plastic strip thermometers and nondestructive testing of electronic circuitry
and engineered articles. The research on application of thermochromic and
photochromic on textiles has boosted significantly in the last few years, which
has the capability to unlock nascent high-tech applications.
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